Interesting comments about torque angle measurement devices used to calculate bolt stretch versus torque wrenches. Torque wrenches, whether dial, digital, or the older beam and needle type, measure the amount of twist in the shaft of the wrench. A given material of a given diameter and length will twist a uniform amount when stressed by the same load. Thus by definition, they are twist angle measurement devices (they just convert twist to a torque value.) The torque is transmitted to the bolt head so it, too, twists.
If the application is critical, measure bolt stretch. Can't get at the back side; use studs and nuts. A stud properly torqued in place will stretch in one direction when a nut is tightened upon it. It will not turn in first and then stretch. So, how high was the stud projecting when you started; how high is it when tightened? The difference is fastener stretch, unless the gasket is compressible.
Once installed the operation loads on the bolt should never get close to the yield limit as cyclical loading near the yield strength will gradually fatigue the fastener. Thus torqueing is meant to stress the fastener so that the installation stress is higher than the external loading stresses it will ever see in normal use. This way the load is not cyclical. The one caveat is that materials different than the fastener expand with temperature changes to lessor or greater amounts. Therefore temperature variations do change the stress on installed fasteners.