one guy (assuming it was a guy)
It's all a bit complicated - but ---
The Celsius scale, previously known as the centigrade scale, is a
temperature scale used by the
International System of Units (SI). As an
SI derived unit, it is used by all countries except the
United States and
Liberia. It is named after the
Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius (1701–1744), who developed a similar temperature scale. The degree Celsius (symbol: °C) can refer to a specific
temperature on the Celsius scale as well as a unit to indicate a temperature
interval, a difference between two temperatures or an
uncertainty. Before being renamed to honor Anders Celsius in 1948, the unit was called centigrade, from the Latin centum, which means 100, and gradus, which means steps.
Before 1954, the Celsius scale was based on 0 °C for the freezing point of water and 100 °C for the boiling point of water at 1
atm pressure following a change introduced in 1743 by
Jean-Pierre Christin to reverse the Celsius thermometer scale (from water boiling at 0 degrees and ice melting at 100 degrees). This scale is widely taught in schools today.
By international agreement, since 1954 the unit "degree Celsius" and the Celsius scale are defined by
absolute zero and the
triple point of
Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water (VSMOW), a specially purified water. This definition also precisely relates the Celsius scale to the
Kelvin scale, which defines the
SI base unit of
thermodynamic temperature with symbol K. Absolute zero, the lowest temperature possible, is defined as being exactly 0 K and −273.15 °C. The temperature of the triple point of water is defined as exactly 273.16 K (0.01 °C; 32.02 °F).
The Fahrenheit scale is a
temperature scale based on one proposed in 1724 by Dutch–German–Polish
physicist Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736). It uses the degree Fahrenheit (symbol: °F) as the unit. Several accounts of how he originally defined his scale exist. The lower defining point, 0 °F, was established as the
temperature of a solution of
brine made from equal parts of ice, water and salt (ammonium chloride). Further limits were established as the melting point of ice (32 °F) and his best estimate of the average
human body temperature (96 °F, about 2.6 °F less than the modern value due to a later redefinition of the scale). The scale is now usually defined by two fixed points: the temperature at which
water freezes into
ice is defined as 32 °F, and the boiling point of water is defined to be 212 °F, a 180 °F separation, as defined at sea level and standard atmospheric pressure.
Of course this only matters to Americans. The rest of us know that the metric system not only works but does not depend on a system of volume based on liquid loss during a sea voyage or two.
