Sorry to say this is a known issue with your vintage bike.
Mind had this problem also, popping out of 2nd under hard acceleration.
It started on mine right after 1000 mile breakin when I began to open her up.
There is an upgrade parts kit that was installed on my bike under warranty which fixed it:
Upgrade kit from VIN 000000 to 337294
# T1000008 for silver engines
# T1000009 for black engines
It includes new dog rings for the trans and lots of other unrelated fixes.
Many Captains had the kit installed out of warranty, but you may have a problem with this,
as Triumph has become less willing to do it free as time goes on. Some have paid just labor.
Baxter Cycle,
http://www.baxtercycle.com/ has the best record installing this fix,
as well as getting Triumph to agree to do it out of warranty.
You will have to do the leg work on it to git er done.
Also, see this post:
Good luck.