If the target is driving 70 mph in the fast lane and the cosine is 60 degrees and the holder is on the right shoulder of 3 or 4 lanes that is waiting way too long and the target/vehicle is on top of you. No one would do that as the speed registers very low due to the high cosine angle. The target speed would be 35 mph at 60 degrees even though the driver is at 70 mph. How is that getting screwed? If the target was in the fast lane out say 300 feet that would be around 68 mph. At 350 feet you're nearing 0 degrees and the target speed would be 69 to 69.? mph. I never heard the term 'instant velocity measurement. The velocity is the target speed and the measurement is the radar wave striking the moving target and bouncing back to the radar gun where the wave has changed it's length and the wave is 'measured and converted to speed'. The 'incident angle of the radar or beam is a factor in the doppler equation' is your statement. In laymen's terms you stated the cosine angle is a factor in measuring the speed of the target resulting in a radar speed readout. I explained that earlier. As far as who's ever holding the gun wins. If the cops a bad cop you're right although so many people are hauling ass out there no reason for anyone to cheat but I know it has happened especially in the early 80's when radar became popular. It was misused for sure. There were a lot of incompetent people operating them during those times. Sorry so boring just my 2 cents, Cheers.