Most of my bikes have gotten around 45 mpg. My R3T gets around 38 mpg. Motorcycles now days often have engines that rival compact car engines. Heck, Rockets have a larger engine (2.3L) than most compact cars and a lot of the midsize cars. Most of the bikes that have these larger engines (1500cc and up) are the larger touring & cruiser bikes. But, even the heaviest bikes only weigh around a third of what a car weighs, if that.
A lot of compact cars get 35 mpg and even a lot of the midsize cars get into the low 30s. My Honda Civic got close to 38 mpg. If memory serves, it had a 1.6L engine. There are tons of bikes with that size engine. Considering they have much less weight to haul around, I would think they could get 60 mpg easy.
I'll talk what I know. The R3T, according to Triumph specs is 2.3L, puts out approx. 110 hp and has a 154 lbs of torque. The dry weight on the bike is 788 lbs. I weigh 150 lbs so let's say the bike probably weighs 1000 lbs give or take a pound all loaded and ready to ride. That's probably a third of what a car weighs. In addition to this, they also have less friction on the road as they have 2 less tires on the road. I won't address tire size because most of the larger bikes have tires that are close to the size of a car tire (compact cars, anyway).
Don't get me wrong, I'm not complaining. Motorcycles get good gas mileage, but I don't understand why they are, seemingly, so inefficient. I would think they would get a lot better than they do.